Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Repository
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A causal analysis of Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk (CWLS) optimization in the digital finance ecosystem : a DEMATEL-ANP approach
Nahdiyah Istiqomah; Dian Masyita (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-15)
Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk (CWLS) is an innovative Islamic social finance instrument that combines cash waqf and sovereign sukuk to support sustainable socio-economic development in Indonesia. This instrument offers great promise, but the optimization of its utility within the digital finance ecosystem is still constrained by a number of institutional, behavioral, governance and competitiveness challenges. This leads to the main research question of how CWLS can be optimized to be a more effective instrument for socio-economic and sustainable financing in Islamic finance. This study aims to answer the question of what are the cause-effect relationships between the supporting and inhibiting factors of its optimization and what are the strategic priorities for strengthening its implementation through digital finance. The study uses the DANP (Dematel based Analytic Network Process) approach. The study is based on experts from three groups of stakeholders government/regulatory bodies, institutional distribution partners and academicians. Potential factors were identified through an extensive literature review and validated using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Modified Kappa statistics. Then, the potential factors were analyzed using DANP to identify causal relationships and interdependencies and to establish strategic priorities. The results show that literacy, trust, professionalism, transparency and competitiveness are the main dimensions that influence the optimization of the instrument. Trust was found to be the most important supporting dimension while literacy and competitiveness were the key driving dimensions throughout the ecosystem. The inhibiting perspective shows that the main obstacles are low public awareness of waqf and this instrument, weak positioning and competitiveness, accountability and transparency issues, and limited managerial capacity of waqf institutions. Digital finance is found to be an enabling ecosystem enhancing accessibility, transparency, stakeholder engagement, institutional efficiency and information dissemination in these dimensions. The overall findings point to the potential for CWLS to be optimized as a more effective instrument for socio-economic and sustainable Islamic financing by a sequenced strategy that first enhances digital-based literacy and competitiveness, then institutional trust and transparency, which are then consolidated through stronger professional governance. This study contributes to the literature on Islamic social finance by offering a holistic causal and priority-based framework for optimizing this instrument and offers practical recommendations for policymakers, waqf institutions, Islamic financial institutions and other stakeholders seeking to enhance its sustainability within Indonesia's digital finance ecosystem.
Disaggregated UN foreign aid and economic growth in Afghanistan, 1990-2023
Zada, Sirajuddin Arab; Fajar Bambang Hirawan (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-15)
This thesis examines the relationship between disaggregated UN foreign aid and economic growth in Afghanistan over the period from 1990-2023. This study breaks down aid flows provided by United Nations agencies such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and the World Food Programme (WFP) to examine their impact on economic growth in Afghanistan. The study identifies both the short-run and the long-run effects on GDP per capita using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The findings reveal that foreign aid does not have a uniform impact on Afghanistan's economic growth. No long-run effect is identified for any agency and the error-correction term is positive, but insignificant, given the sample of observations is limited to 34 and the long-run implication is not strongly identified. However, disaggregated aid exhibits heterogeneous effects. In the short run, UNFPA aid has a positive and statistically significant effect on GDP per capita, suggesting that investments in health and population programmes contribute to human capital development and economic performance. In contrast, WFP aid shows a mixed short-run pattern: a significant negative contemporaneous effect, reflecting its consumption-oriented humanitarian role, followed by a significant positive effect after four years. Overall, the results suggest that the effectiveness of foreign aid depends on its type, timing, and institutional channel. The findings further indicate that strengthening institutional capacity, improving governance, and prioritizing development-oriented assistance are essential to enhance the long-term effectiveness of foreign aid in supporting sustainable economic growth in Afghanistan.
Diaspora perceptions of overseas citizen voting implementation in The Gambia : a descriptive study, with Cabo Verde as an illustrative reference point
Ceesay, Babucarr; Blanch, Samuel D.; Gde Dwitya Arief Metera (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-30)
This thesis is, at its core, a descriptive study. It asks a modest question: what do the diasporas surveyed here perceive about Overseas Citizen Voting implementation in The Gambia? Forty-four Gambian and five Cabo Verdean respondents were surveyed. The data support that among respondents, clear and statistically identifiable patterns emerge, worth taking seriously. The analysis is anchored on citizenship-as-participation theory, rooted in Aristotle, procedural justice theory (Lind and Tyler, 1988; Norris, 2014), linking institutional design to how citizens feel about it, and the civic republican tradition of T.H. Marshall (1950). The Gambia is the primary case: a relatively small, post-colonial West African country with a large, economically significant diaspora and constitutional Overseas Citizen Voting (OCV) provisions held since 1997 that have not been operationalised for its diaspora. Cabo Verde, which shares background features with The Gambia but constructed a functional OCV a few years after its transition, is incorporated here as a small, illustrative reference, not a second case study. Data were collected through a perception survey administered between January and April 2026: 44 completed responses from The Gambia and five from Cabo Verde. These five are not a sample in any statistical sense; they are read case by case, as illustrative evidence, not a population estimate or claim of comparability. The instrument measured four constructs: democratic inclusion and recognition, institutional legitimacy and trust, political voice and agency, and engagement beyond the ballot box. Three things stand out with a consistency hard to manufacture. Respondents feel financially valued and politically disregarded at the same time: 77.3% agreed that home-country officials in fact prioritise their remittances over their political rights, while 54.5% disagreed that their government treats them as full members of the political community. Institutional trust sits below the midpoint on almost every item touching the electoral commission or the fairness of results. Political engagement has not died out in the absence of a vote; it has moved into social media and diaspora advocacy networks, while 79.5% of respondents said they would vote from abroad if a realistic system existed. On most shared items, the Cabo Verdean responses, despite their very small number, described a more favourable institutional experience than the Gambian sample, consistent with their country's much longer operational history, though this remains descriptive contrast, not evidence of comparability. Beyond this descriptive core, the thesis offers a modest interpretive layer tied to the findings, not a methodology. It suggests that the three-stage model of OCV implementation by Palop-Garcia and Pedroza (2019) carries a perceptual dimension the model was not built to capture, and that procedural justice theory offers a plausible, though not causally demonstrated, account of why institutional trust and institutional presence travel together in this data. These are offered as propositions for a larger study to test, not as findings this study is positioned to prove.
Democracy in rebound : a comparative study of democratic resilience in Ghana and Senegal, 2016-2024
Mohammed, Kawsara Wanyiwonara; Djayadi Hanan; Gde Dwitya Arief Metera (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-21)
Widespread threat to democracy has become a major concern in comparative politics, yet democratic decline does not produce even outcomes across political systems. This indicates that while some democracies experience constitutional rupture or military intervention, others absorb the political stress while maintaining constitutional continuity and competitive politics. This study examines why some democracies remain resilient despite sustaining political stress by comparing Ghana and Senegal between 2016 and 2024. The study draws on the democratic resilience literature by conceptualizing resilience as the capacity of political systems to generate institutional and societal constraints that limit executive overreach during periods of sustained political stress. Employing a qualitative comparative case study and most different systems design, the research relies on process tracing and document analysis using data from government reports, court decisions, civil society observers' reports, the Afrobarometer survey, international organizations, and secondary scholarly sources. Using two stress episodes each and analysed under three resilience mechanisms- institutional constraints, societal accountability, and political norms- the findings suggest that resilience is not something produced by formal institutions alone. It comes from the interactions of all the mechanisms, where each compensates for one another's weaknesses, especially in the case of Senegal, and also reinforces each other more directly in the case of Ghana. By comparing Ghana and Senegal, the study advances the literature on democratic resilience by proposing an interactive framework: institutional constraint, societal accountability, and political norms operate as mutual mechanisms of democratic survival when stress is in motion.
Assessing the effectiveness of Nigeria's Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) on achieving its solar PV deployment targets
Isuwa, Eliakim; Sonny Mumbunan; Guild, James Jordan (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-08-18)
Persistent gaps between policy targets and outcomes of implementation of renewable energy policies in developing countries are often a limiting factor. The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) has been developed to meet Nigeria's PV deployment targets by 2025, and this research evaluate the plan in achieving this goal. Secondary data were used in a mixed-methods policy analysis using an adapted Dunn policy cycle to compare planned capacity targets with actual deployment and to find the drivers of the deviations observed. Results showed a gap in implementation, with only 212 MW of solar PV installed by the end of 2023, (42.4% of the 500 MW target). Financial, institutional, regulatory, and infrastructural constraints are not standalone obstacles but part of an interlocking system. Limited implementation is adapted to these constraints, with off-grid deployment taking precedence over utility-scale deployment despite policy's focus on utility-scale deployment. The research contributes three concepts: policy–implementation decoupling, infrastructure-constrained transition and instrument-induced path dependency. These can be used to understand how policy ambition and system capacity interact to affect results. The results point to the importance of designing policies that build capacity and have targets linked to infrastructure, a dual approach to policy and subsidiarity.