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تأثير الحداثة في مصطلح "كافر" : دراسة في نتيجة المشاورة الوطنية لجمعية نهضة العلماء سنة ٢٠١٩
Muhammad Sahni Arja; Afifi, Mahmoud Ali Gomaa (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-07)
تعد جمعية نهضة العلماء من أكبر جمعية إسلامية في إندونيسيا، حيث تستند رؤيتها الفكرية وحركتها الدينية إلى التراث الإسلامي (الكتب التراث) بوصفه مرجعا أساسيا. وفي المشاورة الوطنية التي عقدت سنة ٢٠١٩ في بنجر باترومان جاوى الغربية، أصدرت الجمعية قرارا مفاده أن مصطلح "كافر" لم يعد ملائما لاستعماله في وصف غير المسلمين ضمن سياق الدولة القومية، واقترحت بدلا منه استخدام مصطلح "مواطن" انطلاقا من اعتبار أن جميع المواطنين من المسلمين وغير المسلمين يتمتعون بواجبات وحقوق متساوية في إطار الدولة. وقد أثار هذا القرار نقاشا واسعا ولاسيما بين الدعاة والعلماء التقليديين، نظرا إلى أن التراث الفقهي قسم غير المسلمين إلى عدة أقسام منها الحربي والذمة والمستأمن والمعاهد، ولا تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى الحكم على صحة هذا القرار أو خطئه، بل تسعى إلى بحث الكيفية التي أثرت بها الحداثة والتحول الوظيفي للمصطلح "كافر". وتظهر نتائج الدراسة أن تصنيف غير المسلمين في التراث الإسلامي لم يكن تصنيفا عقاديا محضا، بل كان في جوهره بناء فقهيا ذا طبيعة وصفية وإدارية، نشأ استجابة للحاجة إلى تنظيم العلاقات بين مكونات المجتمع المختلفة داخل دار الإسلام وفقا للظروف التاريخية السائدة آنذاك. كما تبين أن تأثير الحداثة في إعادة توظيف المصطلح الكافر ضمن قرار مؤتمر نهضة العلماء لعام ٢٠١٩م كان تأثيرا انتقائيا وغير مباشر، إذ تم هذا التحول من خلال آليات الاجتهاد الداخلي الخاصة بالجمعية نفسها، وليس تبني مباشر للقيم الحداثية العلمانية الغربية، مع المحافظة في الوقت نفسه على المعنى العقدي لمفهوم الكفر باعتباره معنى ثابتا، وقصر استعمال مصطلح "مواطن" على المجالين الاجتماعي والسياسي. وتؤكد هذه النتيجة أن العلاقة بين التراث والحداثة ليست علاقة تناف أو إقصاء متبادل، بل هي علاقة تفاوض وتكامل وإعادة صياغة مستمرة. وتسهم هذه الدراسة في إثراء البحث المتعلق بفقه المواطنة في إندونيسيا، كما تبرز قدرة الجمعية الإسلامية التقليدية الكبرى على تجديد اجتهادها المؤسسي ومواكبة التحولات الاجتماعية والسياسية، مع الحفاظ على ارتباطها بالأصول العقدية والتراثية للإسلام.
Beyond the narrative : tracing Wall Street Consensus logic in China's financing of Standard Gauge Railway (SGR)
Urooj, Aamina; Moch Faisal Karim; Nia Deliana (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-20)
China’s emergence as a major infrastructure financier for the Global South arrived alongside a powerful normative claim that its development finance is an alternative to the Western conditionality-based finance, one grounded in South-South solidarity, respect for sovereignty, and mutual benefit. Ramo (2004) articulated this claim as the Beijing Consensus, positioning Chinese lending in deliberate contrast to the Washington Consensus model that had long disciplined developing countries borrowing from Western institutions through explicit policy prescriptions. Yet an accumulating body of empirical evidence has provided a complicated picture of this narrative without fully addressing the analytical puzzle it extends. This literature does not pose Chinese lending as solely solidarity-based cooperation or deliberate perdition, but then it raises an important query as to what governance logic then its financing instruments structure in practice? This thesis addresses that question by applying Gabor’s (2021) Wall Street Consensus framework to the financing architecture of Kenya’s Standard Gauge Railway which is the largest Chinese-financed infrastructure project in East Africa, arguing that China’s Eximbank’s lending for the SGR operationalizes three core mechanisms; sovereign de-risking, bankability engineering, and contractual financial discipline, through bilateral export credit contracts, despite Beijing Consensus framing characterize broader Chinese development finance. This study employs process tracing within a single-case design, tracing these mechanisms across four chronological phases of the lifecycle of the SGR financing, from procurement and loan negotiations occurred between 2012 and 2014, through implementation and operationalization, to the escrow collapse and formal default in 2021 to 2022. The empirical evidence of the study is predominantly drawn from the released SGR loan contracts, Kenya National Audit Office reports, IMF country reports, and AidData records. The findings confirm that all three mechanisms are present, and traceable at the level of specific contract provisions. The study also flags an important analytical boundary that the macroeconomic restructuring dimensions, that Gabor (2021) highlights, do not travel to the contract level of a single bilateral project, which marks a genuine limitation for a mechanism-tracing within case claim. Theoretically, the study extends the WSC framework from its original Western institutions, highlighting that its governance logic is not limited to the multilateral development banking but rather it marks a structural feature of large-scale infrastructure lending that any sufficiently large creditor finds rational when dealing with repayment risks in high-risk environments. This finding reframes the gap between Beijing Consensus rhetoric and operation practice not as an evidence of bad faith, but hints to a predictable outcome when protecting billions in sovereign lending is involved.
Institutionalizing environmental peacebuilding : legal and political collaboration between Japan and Indonesia in peatland restoration and transboundary haze governance
Philipo, Dotto Koyage; Ridwan; Sirojuddin Arif (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-14)
This thesis aims to examine on how two differences in institutional designs and cooperation mechanisms can shape the ecological and peacebuilding outcomes in Indonesia’s peatland governance and transboundary haze mitigation from 2015 and 2025. This thesis’s focus is based on a comparative analysis of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) under the multilateral framework and bilateral cooperation under Japan- Indonesia cooperation through JICA and BRGM. This thesis also aims to address an important gap in the literature, whereby the existing scholarship tends to analyze these two institutional mechanisms on separately rather than comparatively. By applying core neoliberal institutionalism and environmental peacebuilding theories, this thesis develops two important hypotheses to assess how variations in implementation capacity and multi-level engagement influence on ecological effectiveness and peace-related outcomes in Southeast Asia. Methodologically, this thesis has employed a qualitative comparative case study combined with process tracing, using policy documents, institutional reports, and secondary empirical data to examine both frameworks within the same gap. The findings show that bilateral cooperation has been more effective in delivering targeted ecological outcomes. For example, peatland restoration mechanisms, fire prevention processes, and localized livelihood support have been implemented, particularly in priority regions such as Riau and Central Kalimantan in Indonesia. In contrast, the multilateral level under the AATHP played a more significant role in maintaining interstate dialogue. For example, this multilateral framework has facilitated information sharing among member states and preventing the escalation of diplomatic tensions caused by transboundary haze despite its limitations in enforcement and implementation due to a lack of enforcement. However, both institutional frameworks have exhibited structural constraints. Therefore, this bilateral initiative is geographically limited and limited in addressing broader political-economic issues, while this multilateral framework struggles to coordinate into tangible ecological improvements domestically. Therefore, this thesis concluding that institutional designs matter significantly for environmental governance outcomes and that effective environmental peacebuilding requires combining the strengths of both multilateral and bilateral approaches. Therefore, this thesis contributing to the literature by offering a systematic comparative analysis of institutional effectiveness in Southeast Asia and provides policy-relevant insights for improving peatland governance and haze mitigation strategies across the region.
The impact of mandatory halal food certification on Indonesian economy : a computable general equilibrium analysis
Yudi Saputra; Hamidi, M. Luthfi; Herbert Wibert Victor Hasudungan (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-16)
This dissertation develops a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to measure the macroeconomic impacts of mandatory halal certification on the Indonesian economy. The research is conducted sequentially. Firstly, a standard CGE model is built and tested for stability and consistency. Then a calibrated Halal-CGE model estimates the economy-wide implications of mandatory certification costs under various fiscal adjustment mechanisms. A fundamental structural change in Indonesia's halal regulation is Law No. 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance. It has gained widespread adoption, but its macroeconomic implications have not been fully quantified as the literature has mostly studied it at the micro level. The dissertation measures the transmission of mandatory certification costs through inter-sectoral linkages, household income, trade performance and national output. The dissertation gives a macroeconomic perspective of the policy. The analysis was conducted at two levels. First, a standard CGE model of 17 sectors based on the 2022 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) was developed and validated and was expanded into a Halal SAM of 20 sectors by disaggregating Accommodation and Food Services into Accommodation, Halal-Certified Food, Uncertified Food and Non-Halal Food. Three price shocks (3%, 5%, 7%) to the domestic prices of the Uncertified sector were applied for Halal-CGE simulations under three fiscal closures: endogenous government transfers, endogenous net tax on production and endogenous household tax rate. The Halal-CGE model is calculated using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software. The simulation assumes, that producers will pass on certification costs in higher prices. All simulations show a positive impact on GDP, ranging from 0.23% to 1.24% across the scenarios, although the institutional and sectoral dynamics are quite different. Under Scenario 1 (endogenous transfers), GDP expands 0.23%-0.50%, but government revenue shrinks significantly (-23.44% to -44.18%) and the income for the poorest quintile declines. Scenario 2 (endogenous production tax) presents a more modest growth (0.09%-0.22%) but more equally distributed, with middle to lower-income households (H1-H3). Under Scenario 3 (household tax endogenous), GDP rises significantly, but private consumption falls sharply (-14.89% to -28.01%) and income decreases for all households' quintiles. These results are robust to sensitivity analyses at trade elasticities of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5. The best result is obtained in Scenario 2, which works on the supply side without putting great pressure on households' incomes. Scenarios 1 and 3 show that the government should not cut transfers or raise taxes on households to pay for this policy as both could reduce the purchasing power of lower-middle-income households. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first attempt to use the CGE framework to analyze the mandatory halal certification policy in Indonesia, compared to the previous literature that use CGE in the halal context, which focused on trade liberalization. It contributes methodologically through the Halal SAM and Halal-CGE model as a new analytical tool in the research landscape of Islamic economics.
Between traditional and algorithmic authority : the rise of santri digital creatives and the making of Islamic counterpublics in Indonesia
Mishbah Khoiruddin Zuhri; Yanwar Pribadi; Bhirawa Anoraga (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-20)
This study examines the rise of Santri Digital Creatives (SDCs) during the post-reform era in the 2010s. They are digital curators and creators from pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) who utilize online platforms to translate and distribute traditional Islamic teachings. I argue that SDCs have played an important role in shaping traditional religious authority in the digital sphere. The study focuses on kiai Ahmad Bahauddin Nursalim (Gus Baha), a popular Indonesian ulama on social media. He is a figure who represents traditional authority. His legitimacy rests on sanad (chain of knowledge transmission) and nasab (genealogical lineage). He articulates classical Islamic texts (turāth) with the principles of ease (yusr), joy, and humor to address contemporary challenges. However, without personal social media accounts, his traditional authority was restricted to the local pesantren community. This absence creates a gap in digital visibility. SDCs bridge this gap by constructing authority from below. Some of these actors attempt to maintain the traditional authority of Gus Baha. This study highlights the complexity of SDCs in shaping religious authority by negotiating traditional authenticity and algorithmic visibility. This study employs digital ethnography to investigate the religious reproduction of SDCs by integrating physical immersion in pesantren with virtual observation across digital platforms. Fieldwork includes attendance at the ngaji (intensive study of classical Islamic texts) sessions of Gus Baha in Kudus, Rembang and Jakarta, alongside interviews with SDCs, audience members and religious leaders. The study tracks digital work via participant observation on Website, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook, while monitoring WhatsApp and Telegram communities to analyze internal interactions. Through digital methods, including API (Application Programming Interface) data extraction for hashtag analysis of #GusBaha and website traffic growth analysis, the study measures the reach of traditionalist narratives across multiple digital platforms. This study argues that SDCs negotiate the tension between traditional authority and algorithmic authority. SDCs perform three roles in mediating traditional religious authority within the digital space. These roles are categorized as Institutional, Independent, and Organic actors. These roles create a multi-layered defense for traditionalist authority amidst the dominance of social media algorithms. Institutional actors function as official digital spokespersons for kiai figures and pesantren institutions. The primary focus of this group is to safeguard authenticity by prioritizing traditional authenticity over algorithmic popularity. They seek to reconstruct the physical boundaries of offline halaqah (traditional study circles) within a virtual environment by uploading full-length, long-duration recordings. Adapting their everyday pesantren traditions to the digital sphere, they emphasize spiritual values, such as the importance of maintaining ritual purity (wuḍū') for the digital audience. This specific digital work serves as a form of khidmah (devotional service) to seek barakah (blessings). They limit commercial tactics such as provocative or sensational titles. Independent actors serve as digital strategists who bridge the gap between pesantren traditions and the modern world. Although they operate outside formal institutional structures, this group remains rooted in the santri intellectual tradition. They function as cultural translators who negotiate the format, meaning, and aesthetics of traditional teachings. Their goal is to make these teachings more relevant for urban millennials. They strive to build a moderate Islamic counterpublics by providing Indonesian subtitles for regional lectures or adopting elements of popular culture. This effort serves as a bulwark against the influence of radical ideologies in the digital sphere. Organic actors act as digital entrepreneurs, consisting of anonymous channel managers or grassroots marketers. They utilize the logic of social media algorithms to achieve mass visibility and economic gain. They can repackage lengthy religious materials into viral, short clips. They operate outside the kiai-santri hierarchy and lack the ethic of khidmah. They monetize the religious figure to prioritize advertising revenue over spiritual devotion. They expand the reach of the kiai's authority into a popular brand of faith. Their practices often operate without a formal license or ijāzah. This poses a risk to the contextual integrity of classical religious texts. Content distribution in this specific dimension relies on digital engagement metrics rather than substance. This study contributes by analyzing the interaction between traditional authority and algorithmic authority. It expands the discourse on authority and media, a field dominated by Western perspectives that focus on digital creatives and algorithmic logic. The research asserts that traditional authority remains a factor in religious legitimacy within the digital sphere and persists despite technological developments. The study demonstrates that the attention economy does not solely define the digital work of SDCs. While some actors prioritize platform metrics, others are guided by religious moral values such as khidmah and barakah. Through the categorization of institutional, independent, and organic actors, the study shows how sanad and kitab kuning based legitimacy transforms into digital visibility. Its contribution is to show that traditional authority is not dissolved by algorithmic media but actively reproduced through it, giving the largely Western field of digital religion a non-Western account in which tradition, not the algorithm alone, shapes online religious life.